Principales modificaciones asociadas a la esplenectomía / Main modifications associated with splenectomy

Introducción. El bazo es un órgano linfoide implicado en el reconocimiento antigénico, la depuración de patógenos y la remoción de eritrocitos envejecidos o con inclusiones citoplasmáticas. La esplenectomía es una técnica utilizada tanto para el diagnóstico (linfomas), el tratamiento (trombocitopenia inmune, anemia hemolítica adquirida) y la curación (microesferocitosis hereditaria) de diversas enfermedades. Métodos. Describir los principales cambios hematológicos y complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento de esplenectomía. Discusión. Los cambios posteriores a la esplenectomía pueden ser inmediatos, como la aparición de cuerpos de Howell-Jolly, la trombocitosis y la presencia de leucocitosis durante las primeras dos semanas. Otras complicaciones tempranas incluyen la presencia de trombosis, en especial en pacientes con factores de riesgo secundarios (edad, sedentarismo, manejo hospitalario, obesidad) o un estado hipercoagulable (diabetes, cáncer, trombofilia primaria), siendo tanto el flujo de la vena porta como el volumen esplénico los principales factores de riesgo para su aparición. Las complicaciones tardías incluyen la alteración en la respuesta inmune, aumentando el riesgo de infecciones por bacterias encapsuladas, en conjunto con una reducción en los niveles de IgM secundario a la ausencia de linfocitos B a nivel de bazo. Debido al riesgo de infecciones, principalmente por Streptococcus pneumoniae, la esplenectomía parcial se ha considerado una opción. Conclusión. Una adecuada valoración de la indicación de esplenectomía y la identificación precoz de complicaciones posoperatorias son fundamentales para reducir la mortalidad asociada a la esplenectomía

Introduction. The spleen is a lymphoid organ involved in antigen recognition, pathogen clearance, and removal of aged erythrocytes or those with cytoplasmic inclusions. Splenectomy is a technique used for diagnosis (lymphomas), treatment (immune thrombocytopenia, acquired hemolytic anemia), and cure (hereditary microspherocytosis) of various diseases. Methods. To describe the main hematological changes and complications associated with the splenectomy procedure. Discussion. Changes after splenectomy can be considered immediate: the appearance of Howell-Jolly bodies, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis during the first two weeks. Other complications include the presence of thrombosis, especially in patients with risk factors (age, sedentary lifestyle, long hospital stay, obesity) or a hypercoagulable state (diabetes, cancer, primary thrombophilia), with both portal vein flow and splenic volume being the main risk factors for its appearance. Late complications include altered immune response, increased risk of infections by encapsulated bacteria, and a reduction in IgM levels secondary to the absence of B lymphocytes in the spleen; due to the risk of diseases mainly by Streptococcus pneumoniae, partial splenectomy has been considered an option. Conclusion. An adequate assessment of the indication for splenectomy and the early identification of complications are essential to reduce the mortality associated with splenectomy

Conduta obstétrica em caso de hipoplasia materna da veia cava inferior / Obstetric management in case of the maternal inferior vena cava hypoplasia

A hipoplasia da veia cava inferior é uma patologia rara que integra o conjunto de anomalias do desenvolvimento da veia cava inferior. A sua incidência situa-se entre 0,3%-0,5% na população saudável e 5% nos adultos jovens sem fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda, sendo considerada um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de trombose dos membros inferiores. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é reportar a conduta obstétrica de um caso clínico de uma grávida diagnosticada com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior, prévia à gravidez. Trata-se de um caso clínico, de uma grávida, primigesta, com 37 anos, com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior e heterozigotia para o gene MTHFR677 diagnosticadas, na sequência de uma trombose venosa bilateral dos membros inferiores e do segmento infrarrenal da veia cava inferior. A gravidez foi seguida em consulta hospitalar na nossa instituição, tendo a grávida sido medicada com enoxaparina em dose profilática e ácido acetilsalicílico, com um período pré natal que decorreu sem intercorrências. Às 37 semanas e 6 dias de gestação, deu entrada no Serviço de Urgência de Obstetrícia por rotura prematura de membranas. Intraparto foram utilizadas meias de compressão pneumática intermitente, tendo o parto ocorrido às 38 semanas de gestação por via vaginal (parto eutócico), do qual nasceu um recém-nascido do sexo feminino, com 2620g e índice de Apgar 9/10/10. O presente caso clínico demonstra que em situações de hipoplasia da veia cava inferior com um seguimento obstétrico adequado é possível a realização de um parto vaginal, possibilitando um desfecho obstétrico favorável (AU).

Hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava is a rare condition that belongs to the group of developmental anomalies of the inferior vena cava. It has an incidence between 0.3% and 0.5% in the healthy population and 5% in young adults without risk factors for deep venous thrombosis, being considered an important risk factor for the development of lower limb thrombosis. This study aims to report the obstetric conduct of a clinical case of a pregnant woman diagnosed with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava prior to pregnancy. This is a clinical case of a pregnant woman, primigravid 37 years old, with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava and heterozygosity for MTHFR677, diagnosed following a bilateral venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and the infrarenal segment of the inferior vena cava. The pregnancy was followed up in our institution. The pregnant woman was medicated with a prophylatic dose of low molecular weight heparin and acetylsalicylic acid with an uneventful prenatal period. At 37 weeks and 6 days of gestation, she was admitted to the Obstetrics Emergency Service due to premature rupture of membranes. Intermittent pneumatic compression sockings were used intrapartum, and at 38 weeks of gestation, a female newborn was vaginally delivered (eutocic delivery) with 2620g and an Apgar score of 9/10/10. The present clinical case demonstrates that in situations of hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava with an adequate obstetric follow-up, it is possible to perform a vaginal delivery, enabling a favourable obstetric outcome (AU).

Acute Carpal Tunnel Syndrome due to Persistent Median Artery thrombosis: Case report / Síndrome do túnel do carpo aguda por trombose da artéria mediana: Relato de caso

Abstract Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common compressive neuropathy of the upper limb, affecting ~ 4% of the general population. The clinical picture is characterized by pain and, mainly, paresthesia in the median nerve territory, of insidious onset and, in the most severe cases, loss of strength and atrophy of the thenar musculature is observed. It is an extremely common pathology in the daily practice of hand surgery, and in most cases, it can be treated with conservative methods. We present here an atypical case of carpal tunnel syndrome, of acute onset, triggered by persistent median artery (PMA) thrombosis, condition associated with distal embolization and hypoper-fusion of the limb.

Resumo A síndrome do túnel do carpo é a neuropatia compressiva mais comum do membro superior, afetando ~ 4% da população geral. O quadro clínico caracteriza-se por dor e, principalmente, parestesia no território do nervo mediano, de início insidioso e, nos casos mais graves, observa-se perda de força e atrofia da musculatura tenar. Trata-se de patologia extremamente comum na prática diária de cirurgia da mão, e na maior parte dos casos pode ser tratada com métodos conservadores. Apresentamos aqui um caso atípico de síndrome do túnel do carpo, de surgimento agudo, desencadeado pela trombose da artéria mediana persistente, quadro associado com embolização distal e hipoperfusão do membro.

Infarto cerebral en mujer joven con la enfermedad por el coronavirus del 2019 y sin factores de riesgo cardiovasculares: reporte de caso / Acute stroke in young woman with coronavirus disease 19 and no cardiovascular risk factor: case report

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La COVID-19 se acompaña de eventos tromboembólicos venosos y arteriales en pacientes con historia de hipertensión y aterosclerosis. Se reporta el caso de una paciente joven y sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular que adquirió la infección por el SARS-COV2 y luego presentó un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. CASO: Paciente de 44 años hospitalizada por la covid-19 en tratamiento protocolario con anticoagulación, esteroide y oxígeno suplementario. Al día 7 del inicio de los síntomas respiratorios presentó infarto cerebral por trombosis de arteria carótida derecha, arteria cerebral media derecha e izquierda y edema cerebral hemisférico derecho, tras lo cual fue diagnosticada con muerte encefálica. El estudio vascular no documentó una etiología diferente a la covid-19. DISCUSIÓN: Se plantea que la infección condiciona un estado inflamatorio sistémico, endotelialitis, ulceración de placas ateroscleróticas preexistentes e hipercoagulabilidad. Lo anterior facilita la aparición de trombosis vascular. Es frecuente encontrar elevación de reactantes de fase aguda y de los productos del metabolismo de la fibrina. El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) isquémico se ha descrito en el 1 al 5 % de los pacientes con la covid-19. En pacientes con factores de riesgo cardiovascular, durante las primeras 2 semanas desde el inicio de los síntomas respiratorios, el compromiso isquémico suele afectar a múltiples territorios vasculares. CONCLUSIÓN: La covid-19 por sí sola es un factor de riesgo para trombosis arterial secundaria a la inflamación sistémica y estados de hipercoagulabilidad, por lo que debe ser tenida en cuenta en el estudio de ACV isquémico en pacientes jóvenes.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: It is known that COVID-19 is associated with venous and arterial thromboembolic events in patients with history of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Herein, it is presented a case of a young woman without known cardiovascular risk, who was infected by SARS-COV 2 and then an ischemic stroke. CASE: 44 years-old woman with moderate COVID-19 in protocolary treatment with anticoagulants, steroid and oxygen. In the seventh day since symptoms onset, she presented acute ischemic stroke due to acute thrombosis of right carotid artery, and right and left medial cerebral arteries, then rapidly developed malignant cerebral edema and brain death. Vascular study failed to report and etiology other than COVID-19. DISCUSSION: It is suggested that the infection produces a systemic inflammatory state, endothelialitis, ulceration of preexisting atherosclerotic plaques, and hypercoagulability that facilitate thrombosis. Ischemic stroke is described in 1 to 5% of COVID-19, it is common to find an elevation of acute phase reactants and products of fibrin metabolism. Multiple vascular territories are usually compromised in patients with known cardiovascular risk factors and 12 days after the onset of symptoms. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 by itself is a risk factor for arterial thrombosis secondary to systemic infection and hypercoagulability states and it should be taken into account in the study of ischemic stroke in young patients.

Oclusión intestinal por policitemia vera en una anciana / Intestinal occlusion due to polycythemia vera in an old woman

Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 67 años de edad con varias comorbilidades, entre ellas la policitemia vera, quien acudió al Cuerpo de Guardia del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Universitario Dr. Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo de Santiago de Cuba por presentar síntomas y signos de un síndrome de abdomen agudo oclusivo. Se indicó intervención quirúrgica de urgencia, que permitió confirmar el diagnóstico presuntivo de afección vascular mesentérica de tipo trombótica. La inmediatez del tratamiento quirúrgico, la reversibilidad del daño vascular sin necesidad de procedimiento de resección intestinal y la administración efectiva de anticoagulantes permitieron una evolución favorable y sin complicaciones.

The case report of a 67 years patient with several comorbidities is described, among them polycythemia vera, who went to the emergency room of Ambrosio Grillo Portuondo University Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba due to symptoms and signs of a syndrome of occlusive acute abdomen. An emergency surgical intervention was indicated, that confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of mesenteric vascular thrombosis. The immediacy of the surgical treatment, the reversibility of the vascular damage without necessity of intestinal resection procedure and the effective use of anticoagulants allowed a favorable clinical course without complications.

Análise da qualidade das evidências científicas sobre a eficácia e segurança nas bulas de anticoagulantes orais diretos comercializados no Brasil / Analysis of the quality of scientific evidence on efficacy and safety in the package leaflets of direct oral anticoagulants marketed in Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar e analisar a qualidade das evidências científicas sobre a eficácia e segurança dos anticoagulantes orais direto (DOAC) disponíveis nos ensaios clínicos referenciados nas bulas dos medicamentos comercializados no Brasil. Método: Trata-se de um descritivo documental dividido em duas etapas, sendo elas: (i) identificação e análise da disponibilidade das referências bibliográficas contidas nas bulas dos DOAC e (ii) análise da qualidade dos estudos contidos nas bulas através da ferramenta da Cochrane Risk of Bias RevMan versão 5.4. Foram analisados setes domínios de importâncias para ensino clínico, sendo que cada domínio foi classificado como alto, incerto ou baixo risco de viés, segundo a avaliação dos colaboradores. Resultados: Foram analisadas 10 bulas destinadas aos profissionais da saúde. Sendo que destas, foram avaliados 25 ensaios clínicos. A análise da qualidade das evidências científicas, referenciadas nas bulas para profissionais dos DOAC, mostrou que os estudos citados apresentaram consistência metodológica. Entretanto, na maioria dos estudos, os domínios foram classificados como viés incerto, ou seja, não foi possível identificar como esses pontos foram abordados nos estudos. Conclusão: Portanto, o presente estudo evidenciou que a qualidade dos ensaios clínicos referenciados nas bulas dos DOAC apresentou incertezas metodológicas em seus ensaios. Sugere-se a necessidade de normativas que estabeleçam atualizações do conteúdo informativo presente nas bulas profissionais e estabeleçam descrição dos métodos de forma clara e coesa (AU).

Objective: Identify and analyze the quality of scientific evidence on the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) available in clinical trials referenced in the package leaflets of drugs marketed in Brazil. Method: This is a descriptive documentary study divided into two stages: (i) identification and analysis of the availability of the bibliographic references contained in the package leaflets of DOACs and (ii) analysis of the quality of the studies contained in the package leaflets through the Cochrane Risk of Bias RevMan tool version 5.4. Seven domains of importance for clinical teaching were analyzed, and each domain was classified as high, uncertain or low risk of bias, according to the assessment of the collaborators. Results: Ten package leaflets intended for health professionals were analyzed. Of these, 25 clinical trials were evaluated. The analysis of the quality of the scientific evidence referenced in the package leaflets for health professionals showed that the cited studies presented methodological consistency. However, in most studies, the domains were classified as uncertain bias, i.e., it was not possible to identify how these points were addressed in the studies. Conclusion: Therefore, the present study evidenced that the quality of clinical trials referenced in the package leaflets of DOACs presented methodological uncertainties in their trials. It is suggested the need for regulations that establish updates of the information content present in the professional package inserts and establish a description of the methods in a clear and cohesive way (AU).

Thrombus intraventriculaire gauche chez un jeune patient atteint de COVID-19 / Left intraventricular thrombus in a young patient with COVID-19

La COVID-19 est associée à un état d'hypercoagulabilité. L'incidence du thrombus intraventriculaire gauche est relativement faible en absence d'une cardiopathie hypokinétique sévère avec altération de la fraction d'éjection. Nous rapportant le cas d'un homme de 37 ans infecté par le SARS-CoV-2 présentant un thrombus intraventriculaire gauche en absence de cardiopathie connue. Le décès était survenu suiteà un arrêt cardiaque.

Aspects épidémio-cliniques des manifestations thrombotiques au cours de la COVID- 19 au sein des hôpitaux militaires de Libreville et d'Akanda, Gabon / Epidemiology and clinical aspects of thrombotic manifestations during COVID-19 at the military hospitals of Libreville and Akanda, Gabon

Décrire les aspects épidémio-cliniques des manifestations thrombotiques au cours de la COVID-19 au sein des hôpitaux militaires de Libreville et Akanda, Gabon. Méthodes : Nous avons mené une étude rétrospective et descriptive multicentrique d'une durée de 7 mois, du 01er septembre 2021 au 31 mars 2022, portant sur les patients admis dans les unités de réanimation des hôpitaux d'instruction des armées de Libreville (HIAOBO) et d'Akanda (HIAA), pour COVID-19 documentée ou suspectée. Résultats : Durant la période d'étude, 167 patients ont été́ admis pour infection à SARS-CoV-2, parmi lesquels, 18 ont présentés des manifestations thromboemboliques (10,8%). La moyenne d'âge était de 54,7±6.4 ans. Il y avait une large prédominance masculine avec un sexe ratio à 2. Nous avons noté́ 9 cas d'embolie pulmonaire (50%), 5 cas d'accidents vasculaires cérébraux ischémiques (28%), 1 cas de thrombose veineuse profonde de membre inferieur (6%), 1 cas de thrombose veineuse cérébrale (6%), 1 cas de thrombose de la veine mésentérique (6%) et 1 cas de thrombose de la veine porte (6%). Les D-dimères étaient élevés chez tous les patients. Les globules blancs étaient élevés (>10000/mm3 ) chez 12 patients (67%). Les plaquettes étaient inférieures à 150000/mm3 pour 6 patients (33%). Tous les patients avaient une pneumonie à SARS-CoV-2 et la moyenne d'atteinte deslésions pulmonaires était estimée à 45%. Neuf patients étaient décédés (50%) au cours de l'hospitalisation. Conclusion : L'infection par le SARS-CoV-2 constitue vraisemblablement une prédisposition à la survenue d'un événement thrombotique. L'incidence des manifestations thrombotiques chez les patients atteints de COVID-19 reste élevée, renforçant ainsi la prescription systématique d'une anticoagulation prophylactique

Extrapulmonary manifestations and complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION@#We aimed to describe the extrapulmonary manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, including their frequency, onset with respect to respiratory symptoms, pathogenesis and association with disease severity.@*METHODS@#We searched the MEDLINE and Embase databases for SARS-CoV-2-related studies. Meta-analysis, observational studies, case series and case reports published in English or Chinese between 1 January 2020 and 1 May 2020 were included. Reports with only paediatric or obstetric cases were excluded.@*RESULTS@#169 articles were included. Early manifestations (preceding respiratory symptoms until Day 6 of onset) included olfactory and gustatory disturbance (self-reported in up to 68% and 85% of cases, respectively), gastrointestinal symptoms (up to 65.9%) and rash (up to 20.4%). From Day 7 onwards, hypercytokinaemia, paralleled multi-organ complications including acute cardiac injury (pooled incidence of 17.7% in 1,412 patients, mostly with severe disease and 17.4% mortality), kidney and liver injury (up to 17% and 33%, respectively) and thrombocytopenia (up to 30%). Hypercoagulability resulted in venous thromboembolic events in up to 31% of all patients. Uncommon disease presentation and complications comprised Guillain-Barré syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, otitis media, meningoencephalitis and spontaneous pneumomediastinum.@*CONCLUSION@#Although the systemic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are variegated, they are deeply interwoven by shared mechanisms. Two phases of extrapulmonary disease were identified: (a) an early phase with possible gastrointestinal, ocular and cutaneous involvement; and (b) a late phase characterised by multiorgan dysfunction and clinical deterioration. A clear, multidisciplinary consensus to define and approach thromboinflammation and cytokine release syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 is needed.

Comparison of CT Values between Thrombus and Postmortem Clot Based on Cadaveric Pulmonary Angiography / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the difference in CT values between pulmonary thromboembolism and postmortem clot in postmortem CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) to further improve the application value of virtual autopsy.@*METHODS@#Postmortem CTPA data with the definite cause of death from 2016 to 2019 were collected and divided into pulmonary thromboembolism group (n=4), postmortem clot group (n=5), and control group (n=5). CT values of pulmonary trunk and left and right pulmonary artery contents in each group were measured and analyzed statistically.@*RESULTS@#The average CT value in the pulmonary thromboembolism group and postmortem clot group were (168.4±53.8) Hu and (282.7±78.0) Hu, respectively, which were lower than those of the control group (1 193.0±82.9) Hu (P<0.05). The average CT value of the postmortem clot group was higher than that of the pulmonary thromboembolism group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#CT value is reliable and feasible as a relatively objective quantitative index to distinguish pulmonary thromboembolism and postmortem clot in postmortem CTPA. At the same time, it can provide a scientific basis to a certain extent for ruling out pulmonary thromboembolism deaths.

Application of Rotarex catheter system in femoropopliteal artery stenosis accompanied with thrombosis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Rotarex catheter system in treating femoropopliteal artery stenosis accompanied with thrombosis.@*METHODS@#From Jun. 2017 to Dec. 2019, the clinical data of 32 femoropopliteal artery stenosis accompanied with thrombosis cases treated with Rotarex catheter system were retrospectively analyzed. There were 23 males and 9 females aged from 50 to 89 years and the mean age was (70.7±10.3) years. Six cases had acute course of disease (≤2 weeks), 17 cases had subacute course of disease (>2 weeks, ≤3 months), and 9 cases had chronic course of disease (>3 months). Mean lesion length was (23.4±13.7) cm, mean occlusion length was (19.9±13.3) cm, and in-stent occlusion 7 cases. The superficial femoral artery (SFA) was involved in 13 cases, the popliteal artery (PA) was involved in 8 cases, and both SFA and PA were involved in the other 11 cases. All the cases were treated with Rotarex catheter system. When necessary, suction with large lumen catheter was enabled. Residual stenosis was treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Drug-coated balloon (DCB) was only used in patients with financial status, and stent was used only when it was necessary. Heparin was used for 24 h after procedures, and after that, antiplatelet agents were used. Doppler ultrasonography was taken during the followed-up.@*RESULTS@#Technical success was 100%, and mean procedure time was (107.4±21.5) min. 8F (1F≈0.33 mm) and 6F Rotarex catheter were used in 27 and 5 cases respectively. In 27 cases, forward flow was obtained immediately after debulking with Rotarex catheter, and in the other 5 cases, suction with large lumen catheters were used. PTA was used in all 32 cases. DCB were used in 8 cases, of which 4 were used in in-stent stenosis. Twelve cases were implanted stents. There were no perioperative deaths. The only one procedure related complication was distal embolism. We took out the thrombus with guiding catheter. In all cases, mean hospital stay were (4.6±1.5) d. The ankle brachial index increased from 0.32±0.15 to 0.86±0.10 after treatment (t=-16.847, P < 0.001). The Rutherford stages decreased significantly (Z=-4.518, P < 0.001). All the patients were followed up for 6.0-36.0 months, and the median time was 16.0 months. 2 cases stopped antiplatelet agents, which resulted in acute thrombosis. Another percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and PTA were taken in one of them. Two cases died of cardiovascular disease during the follow-up, and no amputation was observed. Target lesion restenosis occurred in 7 cases during the follow-up, and target lesion revascularization (TLR) was taken in two of them.@*CONCLUSION@#In treating femoropopliteal artery stenosis accompanied with thrombosis, Rotarex catheter can remove thrombus effectively, and that can expose underlying lesions and reduce stent use and complications rates. It is a safe and effective method.

Application progress of high-throughput sequencing in antiphospholipid syndrome / 中华预防医学杂志

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by arterial and venous thrombosis and(or) morbid pregnancy, accompanied by persistent antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positivity. However, due to the complex pathogenesis of APS and the large individual differences in the expression of aPL profiles of patients, the problem of APS diagnosis, prognosis judgment and risk assessment may not be solved only from antibody level. It is necessary to use new technologies and multiple dimensions to explore novel APS biomarkers. The application of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology in diseases with high incidence of somatic mutations, such as genetic diseases and tumors, has been very mature. Thus, gradually understanding the research and application progress of APS by NGS technology from genome, transcriptome, epigenome and other aspects is meaningful. This article reviews the related research of NGS technology in APS, and provide more reference for the deep understanding of the APS-related screening markers and disease pathogenesis.

Isolation and quantification of a 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid rhuslactone from roots of Rhus chinensis and its preventive effects on coronary heart disease and thrombosis in zebrafish / 中国中药杂志

Based on mass spectrometry(MS)-guided separation strategy, compound 1 was obtained from the roots of Rhus chinensis. By comprehensive analysis of high resolution-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) data, and quantum chemical calculation of NMR(qcc-NMR) parameters, compound 1 was elucidated as rhuslactone, a 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid with a rare 17α-side chain. An HPLC-ELSD method for its quantification in R. chinensis was established and adopted for the quantification of rhuslactone in different batches of R. chinensis. Rhuslactone displayed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.021 3-1.07 μmol·mL~(-1 )(r=0.997 6), and the average recovery was 99.34% [relative standard deviation(RSD) 2.9%). Moreover, the results of the evaluation test of the preventive effects of rhusalctone on coronary heart disease(CHD) and thrombosis showed that rhuslactone(0.11 nmol·mL~(-1)) significantly alleviated heart enlargement and venous congestion and increased cardiac output(CO), blood flow velocity(BFV), and heart rate, thereby reducing thrombus formation in zebrafish with CHD. The effects of rhuslactone on CO and BFV were superior to that of digoxin(1.02 nmol·mL~(-1)), and its effect on improving heart rate was comparable to that of digoxin. This study provides experimental references for the isolation, identification, quality control, and application of rhuslactone from R. chinensis against CHD. It is worth mentioning that this study has discussed some omissions in the determination of the stereochemistry of C-17 in dammarane triterpenoids in the present coursebook Chemistry of Chinese Medicine and some research papers, that is, the compound may be 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid. This paper has also proposed steps for the establishment of C-17 stereochemistry.

Protective mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine on cardiovascular system / 中国中药杂志

Tetramethylpyrazine is the main component of Ligusticum chuanxiong. Studies have found that tetramethylpyrazine has a good protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. In the heart, tetramethylpyrazine can reduce myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, regulating autophagy, and inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Tetramethylpyrazine can also reduce the damage of cardiomyocytes caused by inflammation, relieve the fibrosis and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes in infarcted myocardium, and inhibit the expansion of the cardiac cavity after myocardial infarction. In addition, tetramethylpyrazine also has a protective effect on the improvement of familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Besides, the mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine on blood vessels are more abundant. It can inhibit endothelial cell apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress, maintain vascular endothelial function and homeostasis by inhibiting inflammation and glycocalyx degradation, and protect vascular endothelial cells by reducing iron overload. Tetramethylpyrazine also has a certain inhibitory effect on thrombosis. It can play an anti-thrombotic effect by reducing inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and suppressing the expression of fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor. In addition, tetramethylpyrazine can also reduce the level of blood lipid in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, inhibit the subcutaneous deposition of lipids, inhibit the transformation of macrophages into foam cells, and inhibit the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby reducing the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In combination with network pharmacology, the protective mechanism of tetramethylpyrazine on the cardiovascular system may be mainly achieved through the regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/Akt), hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) pathways. Tetramethylpyrazine hydrochloride and sodium chloride injection has been approved for clinical application, but some adverse reactions have been found in clinical application, which need to be paid attention to.

The relationship between the characteristics of tears and the progression of Stanford type B aortic dissection after endovascular treatment / 中华外科杂志

Endovascular treatment of Stanford type B aortic dissection (type B dissection) has been widely used. There will be complications such as aortic dilatation, which will lead to poor prognosis of some patients. With more in-depth researches, it was found that there was a possible correlation between the prognosis of type B dissection and tears, such as the increasing of aortic diameter would be faster with longer tears, and the location of the tear will affect the thrombosis of the false lumen. Studies on hemodynamics have also found that different characteristics of tears of aortic dissection can cause changes in the pressure, blood flow rate and blood capacity in the true and false lumens recently. The hemodynamic changes can be used to predict the prognosis of type B dissection. The main characteristics of tears included the size, position, number of tears, residual tears and stent graft induced new entry. Describing the effect of tear characteristics on the development of type B dissection, can provide the basis for the clinical treatment and further research of type B dissection.

Venous thromboembolism in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in China: a report from the Chinese Children's Cancer Group-ALL-2015 / 医学前沿

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a complication in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The Chinese Children's Cancer Group-ALL-2015 protocol was carried out in China, and epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and risk factors associated with VTE were analyzed. We collected data on VTE in a multi-institutional clinical study of 7640 patients with ALL diagnosed in 20 hospitals from January 2015 to December 2019. First, VTE occurred in 159 (2.08%) patients, including 90 (56.6%) during induction therapy and 108 (67.92%) in the upper extremities. T-ALL had a 1.74-fold increased risk of VTE (95% CI 1.08-2.8, P = 0.022). Septicemia, as an adverse event of ALL treatment, can significantly promote the occurrence of VTE (P < 0.001). Catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) accounted for 75.47% (n = 120); and, symptomatic VTE, 58.49% (n = 93), which was more common in patients aged 12-18 years (P = 0.023), non-CRT patients (P < 0.001), or patients with cerebral thrombosis (P < 0.001). Of the patients with VTE treated with anticoagulation therapy (n = 147), 4.08% (n = 6) had bleeding. The VTE recurrence rate was 5.03% (n = 8). Patients with VTE treated by non-ultrasound-guided venous cannulation (P = 0.02), with residual thrombus (P = 0.006), or with short anticoagulation period (P = 0.026) had high recurrence rates. Thus, preventing repeated venous puncture and appropriately prolonged anticoagulation time can reduce the risk of VTE recurrence.

Protective Effects and Potential Mechanism of Tongxinluo on Mice with Thromboangiitis Obliterans Induced by Sodium Laurate / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effects of Tongxinluo (TXL) on thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) and the underlying mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Ninety male C57/BL6J mice were randomly divided into 6 groups according to a random number table: the sham group, TAO model group, Compound Danshen Tablet (CDT) group, and the high-, medium-, and low-dose TXL groups. All mice except the sham group were injected with sodium laurate (0.1 mL, 5 mg/mL) in the femoral artery to establish TAO mouse model. After modeling, mice in the sham and TAO model groups were intragastrically administered 0.5% (w/v) sodium carboxymethylcellulose, mice in the CDT group were intragastrically administered 0.52 g/kg CDT, and mice in the TXL-H, TXL-M, and TXL-L groups were intragastrically administered 1.5, 0.75, and 0.38 g/kg TXL, respectively. After 4 weeks of gavage, the recovery of blood flow in the lower limbs of mice was detected by Laser Doppler Imaging. The pathological changes and thrombosis of the femoral artery were observed by morphological examination. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the femoral artery wall were detected by HE staining. Levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Levels of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB) were detected by a fully automated biochemical analyzer.@*RESULTS@#TXL promoted the restoration of blood flow in the lower limbs, reduced the area of thrombosis in the femoral artery, and alleviated the pathological changes in the femoral artery wall. Moreover, the levels of TXB2, ET-1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS were significantly lower in the TXL groups compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while the level of 6-keto-PGF1α was significantly higher (P<0.01). In addition, APTT, PT, and TT were significantly prolonged in TXL groups compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and FIB levels were significantly decreased compared with the model group (P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#TXL had a protective effect on TAO mice, and the mechanism may involve inhibition of thrombosis and inflammatory responses. TXL may be a potential drug for the treatment of TAO.

Progress in Application of Heparin Coating in Blood Contact Medical Devices / 中国医疗器械杂志

Blood compatibility is the main restriction of blood-contacting medical devices in clinical application, especially long-term blood-contacting medical devices will stimulate the immune defense mechanism of the host, resulting in thrombosis. Heparin anticoagulant coating links heparin molecules to the surface of medical device product materials, improves the compatibility between the material surface interface and the body, and reduces the host immune defense reactions. This study reviews the structure and biological properties of heparin, the market application status of heparin-coated medical products, the insufficiency and improvement of heparin coating, which can provide a reference for the application research of blood contact medical devices.

Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Transplantation-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is one of the serious complications mostly occurring within 100 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Risk factors of TA-TMA include genetic predispositions, GVHD, and infections. The pathophysiological mechanisms of TA-TMA start with endothelial injury caused by complement activation, which leads to microvascular thrombosis, and microvascular hemolysis, ultimately resulting in multi-organ dysfunction. In recent years, the development of complement inhibitors has markedly improved the prognosis of TA-TMA patients. This review will give an update on risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of TA-TMA, so as to provide references for clinical practice.